Haumea planet

 Haumea ( full detail)

Dwarf planet in the solar system.

Haumea ( minor planet designation 136108 Haumea ) is a likely dwarf planet located beyond Neptune Orbit. It was discovered in 2004 by a term headed by Mike Brown of Caltech at the Palomar observatory in the United States and independently in 2005 by a term headed by Jose Luis Ortiz Moreno at the Sierra Nevada Observatory in Spain, though the latter claim has been contested. On September 17, 2008 , it was named after Haumea, the Hawaiian Goddess of childbirth, under the expectation by the international astronomical Union ( I A U ) that it would prove to be dwarf planet. It is possibly the third largest known trans neptunian object after, Eris and Pluto.

Haumea mass is about one third that of Pluto, and  1/1400 that of Earth. Although its shape has not been directly observed, calculation from its light curve are consistent with it being a jacobi ellipsoid (the shape it would be if it's a dwarf planet), with its major axis twice as long as it's minor. In October 2017, astronomers announced the discovery of a ring system around Haumea, representing the first ring system discovered for a trans neptunian object. Haumea's Gravity was until recently thought to be sufficient for it to have relaxed and into hydrostatic equilibrium, though that in an unclear.  Haumea had been named by dual committee established for bodies expected to dwarf planet, did not mention a discoverer.

Until it was given a permanent name, the Caltech discovery team used the nickname " Santa" among themselves, because they had discovered Haumea on December 28, 2004, just after Christmas. On September 7, 2006, it was numbered and admitted into the official minor planet catalogue as (136108)  2003 EL61.

The proposal by the Ortiz team, Ataecina, did not meet IAU naming requirements,  because the name of chthonic deities were reserved for stably. Haumea has an orbital period of 284 Earth years, a perihelion of 35 AU, and an orbital inclination of 28°. It passed aphelion in early 1992, and is currently more than 50 AU from the Sun. Haumea is the third brightest object in the Kuiper belt.

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Eris ( The dwarf planet )

Full detail about Eris ( The dwarf planet ) 

Eris  ( minor planet designation 136199 Eris ) is the most massive and second largest known dwarf planet in the solar system. Eris was discovered in January 2005 by Polomar observatory based term led by Mike Brown and its discovery was verified later that year. In September 2006 it was named after the Goddess of strife and discord. Eris is the ninth most massive object directing orbiting the Sun and the 16th most massive overall in the Solar System including Moon. 

It is also the largest object that has not been visited by a spacecraft. Ideas has been measured at 2326 + 12 km in diameter. It's a mass is 0.27 percent of the Earth mass and 27% more than dwarf planet Pluto though Pluto is slightly larger by volume. Eris is a trans Neptunian object ( TNO ) and a member of a high eccentricity  population known as the scattered disk. It has one known Moon, Dysnomia. 

With the exception of some long period comets and till 2018 discovered on December 17, 2018 Eris and Dysonomia  were the most distant known natural object in the solar system. Because Eris appeared to be larger than Pluto, NASA initially described it as the Solar System tenth planet. Under the IAU definition approved on August 24, 2006, Eris is a dwarf planet along with object such as Pluto, Ceres, Haumea and Makemake.

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Pluto ( The drawf planet )

Pluto ( minor planet designation : 134340 Pluto ) is an icy dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt, a ring of body beyond the orbit of Neptune. It was the first and largest Kuiper belt object to be discovered. 

Northern hemisphere of Pluto in true color, taken by NASA New Horizon probe in 2015.

Pluto was discovered by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930 and declared to be the ninth planet from the Sun. After 1992 its status as a planet was questioned following the discovery of several object of similar size in the Kiuper belt. In 2005 Eris, planet in the the scattered disc which is 27 % more massive than Pluto was discovered . It is the ninth largest and tenth most massive known object directly orbiting the Sun is the largest known Trans-Neptunian object by Value but it is is less massive than Eris. Like other kuiper belt object Pluto is primarily made up of Ice and Rock and is relatively small one sixth the mass of the Moon and one third  its volume. 

It has moderately eccentric and inclined orbit during which it ranges from 30 to 49 astronomical units or AU  ( 4.4 to 7.4 billion km ) from the Sun. This means that Pluto periodically comes closer to the Sun than Neptune, but a stable orbital resonance with Neptune preventsfrom colliding. Light from the Sun takes 5.5 houra to reach on Pluto. Pluto is the largest known dwarf planet in the Solar System, discovered in 1930. It was thought to be the ninth planet of our solar system for 75 year until the discovery of Eris and other similar object that led to its demotion from the planet to drawf planet in 2006.

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Moon ( The natural satellite )

The Moon is an astronomical body orbiting Earth and is the planet's only natural satellite. It is the fifth largest satellite in the solar system and by far the largest among planetary satellites relative to the size of the planet that it orbits. The moon is, after Jupiter satellite lo, the second densest satellite in the Solar System among those whose densities are known. 

The Moon is thought to have formed about 4.51 billion years ago, not long after Earth. The most widely accepted explanation is that the Moon formed from the debris left over after a giant impact between Earth and a hypothetical Mars sized body called Theia. 

The Moon is in synchronous rotation with Earth, and thus always shows the same side to Earth, the near side. Because of libration slightly more than half ( about 59% ) of the total lunar surface can be viewed from Earth. The near side is marked by dark volcanic Maria that fill the spaces between the bright ancient crystal Highlands and the prominent impact  craters.

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Sun

                               Sun

The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma, with internal convective motion that generates a magnatic field via a dynamo process. It is by far the most important source of energy for life on the Earth. Its diameter is about 1.39 million kilometres ( 864,000 miles ), or 109 times  that of Earth and it's mass  about 330000 times tht of Earth . It accounts for about 99.86% of the total mass of the Solar System.  The Sun mass consists of hydrogen  ( 73%) the rest is mostly helium ( 25% ) , with much smaller quantities of heavier elements including oxygen, carbon, neon, and iron.

The Sun is a G type main sequence star ( G2V ) based on its spectral class. As such, it is informally  and not completely accurately referred to as a yellow dwarf. It formed  approximately 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of matter within a region of a large molecular cloud . The central mass  become so hot  and dense that  it eventually initiated nuclear fusion on its Core. The sun currently fuses about 600 million ton of hydrogen into Helium every second converting 4 million tons  of matter into energy every second as a result. This energy which can take between 10000 and 170000 years to escape from its Core is the source of the Sun light and heat . Sun is also called hot ball of fire.

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Neptune planet

Neptune is the eighth planet and the farthest known planet from the Sun . In the Solar System, it is the fourth largest planet by diameter , the third most massive planet, and the densest giant planet.  It is 17 times the mass of Earth, slightly more massive than its near twin Uranus. Neptune is denser and physically smaller than Uranus because it's greater mass causes more gravitational compression of its atmosphere. 

This  planet orbits the Sun once every 164. 8 years at an average distance of 30.1 AU . It is named after the Roman God of the sea and has the astronomical symbol a stylised version of the God of Neptune trident. Like jupiter and Saturn atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium along with hydrocarbons and possibly nitrogen .

Uranus and Neptune are normally considered ice giant to emphasis this distinction.  Traces of methane in the outermost regions in part account for the planet blue appearance. These weather patterns are driven by the strongest sustained winds of any planet in the Solar System, with recorded wind speeds as high as 2100 km/h ( 580 m/s ; 1300mph )

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Uranus planet

Uranus planet 

                           Uranus

Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun . It's name is a reference to the Greek God of the sky, Uranus, who, according to Greek mythology, was the grandfather of Zeus  ( Jupiter ) and the father of Cronus ( Saturn ) . It has the third largest planetary radius and fourth largest planetary mass in the Solar System.  Uranus is similar in composition to Neptune, and both have bulk chemical composition which differ from that of the larger gas giant Jupiter and Saturn. Uranus contain more ice such as ammonia and methane, along with traces of other hydrocarbons.

                           Uranus

It has cold planetary atmosphere in the Solar System, with a minimum temperature of 49 K ( -224°C; -371°F ) and has a complex layered cloud structure with water . The interior of Uranus is mainly composed of ices and rock.

                             Uranus

Like other giant planets, Uranus has a ring system, a magnetosphere, and numerous Moons. The Uranian system has a unique configuration because it's axis of rotation . Wind speeds can reach 250 m per second ( 900 km/h; 560 mph ).

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Saturn Planet

Saturn planet 

Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest planet in the Solar System, after Jupiter.  It is a gas giant with an average radius of about nine times that of Earth . It only had one eighth the average density of Earth; however, with its larger volume, Saturn is over 95 times more massive . Saturn is named after the Roman God of wealth and agriculture;  it's astronomical symbol represents the God's sickle . The outer atmosphere is generally bland and lacking in contrast although long lived features can appears. 

Saturn interior is most likely composed of a core of iron nickel and rock ( silicon and oxygen compounds ). It's core is surrounded by a deep layer of metallic hydrogen, an intermediate layer of liquid hydrogen and liquid helium, and finally a gaseous outer layer . Saturn had pale yellow due to ammonia crystals in its upper atmosphere. Wind speeds on Saturn can reach 1800 km/h .

The planet's most famous feature is its prominent ring system, which is composed mostly of ice particles, with a smaller amount of rocky debris and dust . At least 82 moons are known to orbit Saturn . Saturn is a gas giant because it is predominantly composed of hydrogen and helium. It lacks a definite surface, though it may have a solid core. Saturn rotation causes it to have the shape of an oblate spheroid; that is it is flattened at the poles and bulges at its equator. 

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Jupiter Planet

Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest planet in the Solar System.  It has a gas giant with a mass one thousandth that of the Sun , but two and a half time that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined . Jupiter is one of the brightest objects visible to the naked eye in the night sky , and has been known to ancient civilizations since before recorded history . It is named after the Roman God Jupiter.  It is the third brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon and Venus. Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft  to visit Jupiter , making its closest approach to the planet on December 4, 1973 . The beginning with the the Pioneer and Voyager flyby mission from 1973 to 1979. In late February 2007, Jupiter was visited by New Horizons probe, which used Jupiter gravity. The latest probe to visit the planet is Juno, which entered into orbit around Jupiter on July 4 , 2016. Jupiter is primarily composed of hydrogen with a quarter of its mass being helium, though helium comprises only about a tenth of the number of molecules. It may also have a rocky core of heavier elements, but like the other giant planet, Jupiter lacks a well defined solid surface.

Jupiter is primarily composed of hydrogen with a quarter of its mass being helium. Jupiter lacks a well defined solid surface. Jupiter has 79 known Moons , including the four large Galilean Moon discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610. Because of rapid rotation , the planet shape is that of an oblate spheroid ( it has a slight but noticeable bulge around the equator ). The outer atmosphere is visibly segregated into several bands at different latitudes, resulting in turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries.  Jupiter is composed primarily of gaseous and liquid matter. It is largest planet in the solar system, with diameter of 142,984 km ( 88,846 mi ) at its equator. The average density of Jupiter 1.326 g/ cm3 is the second highest of the giant planets but lower than those of the four terrestrial planets.

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Mars Planet

Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, being only larger than Mercury.  In English , Mars carries the name of the Roman God of war and is often referred to as the Red Planet. The latter refers to the effect of the iron oxide prevalent on Mars surface , which gives it in a reddish appearance distinctive among the astronomical bodies visible to the naked eye. Mars is a terrestial planet with a thin atmosphere, with surface features reminiscent of the impact craters of the Moon and the valleys , deserts and polar ice caps of Earth.

Mars can easily be seen from Earth with the naked eye , as can it's reddish coloring. It's appearent magnitude reaches -2.94 , which is surpassed only by Venus, the Moon and the Sun. Optical ground based telescopes are typically limited to resolving features about 300 km ( 190 mi) across when Earth and Mars are closest because of Earth's atmosphere. The days and season are comparable to those  of Earths, because the rotational period as well as the tilt of the rotational axis relative to the ecliptic plane are similar. Mars is the site of Olympus Mons, the largest 🌋 volcano and highest known mountain on any planet in the solar system and of Valles Mariners , one of the largest canyon in the solar system . Mars has two 🌒 Moon, Phobos, and Deimos, which are small and irregularly shaped.

Mars has been explored by unmanned spacecraft.  Mariner 4, launched by NASA on 28 November 1964 , was the first spacecraft to visit Mars , making its closest approach to the planet on 15 July 1965 . On 20 July 1976 , Viking 1 preformed the first successful landing in the Martian surface. In English the planet is named for the Roman god of war, an association made because of its red color, which suggests blood. India uses the Sanskrit term Mangal derived from the Hindu goddess Mangala.

A long standing nickname for Mars is the " Red Planet ". Mars is approximately half the diameter of Earth, with a surface area only slightly less than the total area of Earth's dry land.

Earth Planet

Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life . According to radiometric dating estimation and other evidence, Earth formed over 4.5 billion years ago. Earth's gravity interacts with other objects in space, specially the Sun and the Moon, which is Earth only natural satellite.  Earths orbits around the Sun on 365.256 solar days, a period known as an Earth sidereal year. Earth is not in surphical in shape it is in peculiar in shape. Earth rotates about its axis 366.256 times , that is a sidereal year has 366.256 sidereal days. Earth may have been a personified goddess in Germanic paganism late Norse mythology included Jord ( earth ) a giantess often given as the mother of Thor. 

Historically, earth has been written in lower case. A subject of research is the formation of the Moon some 4.53 BYA. A leading hypothesis is that it was  formed by accretion from material loosed from Earth after a Mars sized object, named Theia, hot Earth. Earth's atmosphere and oceans were formed by volcanic activity and out gassing . Water vapour from these sources condensed into the oceans, augmented by water and ice from asteroid, protoplanet, and comets. 

Earth's acid of rotation is tilted with respect to its orbital plane, producing seasons on Earth. The gravitational interaction between Earth and the Moon cause tides, stabilizes Earth's orientation on its axis, and gradually slows its rotation . Earth is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest and most massive of the four rocky planets. The Earth rotates once every 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4.09053 seconds. The Earth revolution periods is 365.26 days. However,more recently, in August 2020, researchers reported that sufficient water to fill the oceans may have always been on the Earth since the beginning of the planets formation.

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Venus Planet

Venus is the second planet from the sun . It is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty. As the second brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon, Venus can cast shadows and can be , on rare occasions, visible to the naked eyes in broad daylight . Venus lies within Earth orbit, and so never appears to venture far from the Sun. Venus orbits the sun every 224.7 Earth days. With a rotation period of  243 Earth days, it takes longer to rotate about its axis than any other planet in the Solar System. As one of the brightest objects in the sky, Venus has been a major fixtures in human culture for as  long as records have existed. 

Venus is a terrestial planet and is sometimes called Earth's " sister planet " because of their similar size , mass, proximity to the sun, and bulk composition.  The atmospheric pressure at the planet's surface is 92 times that of Earth , or roughly the pressure found 900 m ( 3000 ft ) underwater on Earth . Venus has by far the  hottest surface of any planet in the  Solar System , with a mean temperature of 737 K ( 464 °C ; 867 °C ) , even though Mercury is closer to the Sun . It has been made sacred to god's of many cultures and has been a prime inspiration for writer and poets as the " morning 🌟 star" and " evening 🌟 star ". Venus was the first planet to have its motions plotted across the sky as early as the second millennium BC. Venus surface is a dry desertscape interspersed with slab like rocks and is periodically resurfaced by volcanism. The possibility of life on Venus has long been a topics of speculation and in recent year has received active research. 

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Mercury

Mercury is the smallest and innermost planet in the Solar System . It's orbit around the Sun takes 87.97 days , the shortest of all the planet's in the Solar System.  It is named after the Greek God Hermes, translated into Latin Mercurius Mercury , God of commerce, messenger of the gods , mediator between God's and mortals. Like Venus, Mercury orbits the Sun within Earth orbit as an inferior planet , and it's apparent distance from the Sun as viewed from Earth never exceeds 28°.

Mercury rotates in a way that is unique in the Solar system. This proximity to the sun means the planet can only be seen near the western horizon after sunset or eastern horizon before sunrise usually in twilight. The planet telescopically display the complete range of phases similar to Venus and the Moon as it moves in its inner orbit relative to earth which recurs over its synodic period of approximately 116 days.

Mercury appears to have a solid silicate crust and mantle overlying solid l, iron sulfide outer core layer a deeper liquid core layer and a solid inner core.

Mercury is one one of the four terrestrial planets in the solar system and is a rocky body like Earth . It is the smallest planet in the solar system, with an equatorial radius of 2439.7 km ( 1,516. 0 mi ).

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